July-December 2019
ISSN 2516-1210 (Print), 2515-9887 (Online)
The United Kingdom’s expanding practice of immigration detention has been described as a ‘dark stain’ on its human rights record. A number of aspects of the UK’s detention practice engage fundamental human rights, including the practice of indefinite and prolonged detention, the lesser procedural safeguards afforded to detainees and the detention of particularly vulnerable persons. This paper evaluates the utility of international human rights law as a tool of constraining these harmful detention practices. In exposing the limits of international human rights law in protecting the rights of immigration detainees, it is concluded that while claims of territorial sovereignty remain unchallenged and ‘othering’ of migrants continues, international human rights law will struggle to constrain - let alone abolish - immigration detention.
International Treaties and Conventions
American Convention on Human Rights (Organization of American State ‘Pact of San Jose’, Costa Rica, 22 November 1969)
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights, as amended) 1950 ETS 5
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (adopted 28 July 1951, entered into force 22 April 1954) 189 UNTS 137 (Refugee Convention)
Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence 2014 CETS No.210
Explanatory Report on Protocol No.7 ECHR ETS 117
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 993 UNTS 3
UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (UNCAT) 1984, 1465 UNTS 85
UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2006, 2515 UNTS 3
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, 1577 UNTS 3
UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children 2000 A/Res/55/383
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted 10 December 1948 UNGA Res 217 A(III))
EU Law
Asylum Procedures Directive 2005/85/EC
Reception Conditions Directive 2003/9/EC
Returns Directive 2008/115/EC
UK Domestic Legislation
Bail Act 1976
Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act
Detention Centre Rules 2001
Equality Act 2010
Human Rights Act 1998
Immigration Act 1971
Immigration Act 2014
Immigration Act 2016
Immigration and Asylum Act 1999
Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012
Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
Protection of Freedoms Act 2012
Bills
Immigration (Time Limit on Detention) Bill 2019
European Court of Human Rights Case Law
A and Others v UK (2009) 49 EHRR 29
Aerts v Belgium (2000) 29 EHRR 50
Amrollahi v Denmark (2002) 22 EHHR 585
Amuur v France (1996) 22 EHRR 533
Arben Draga v United Kingdom Application no. 33341/13 (2017)
Aydin v Turkey [1997] ECHR 75
Bensaid v UK [2001] 33 EHRR 10
Chahal v UK [1996] ECHR 54
Čonka v Belgium (2002)
De Wilde Ooms and Versyp v Belgium (1971)
Dougoz v Greece [2001] ECHR 213
Hirst v UK (No 2) [2005] ECHR 681
Ireland v UK [1978] ECHR 1
J.N. v UK [2016] ECHR 434
Keenan v UK [2001] ECHR 242
Kudła v Poland [2000] ECHR 512
Maaouia v France [2000] ECHR 455
Marckx v Belgium (1979)
Mubilanzila Mayeka v Belgium (2006)
Öcalan v Turkey [2005] ECHR 282
Popov v France (2012)
Pretty v UK (2002)
Rahimi v Greece (2011)
Saadi v UK [2008] ECHR 80
Soering v UK [1989] 11 EHRR 439
Storck v Germany (2005)
Varbanov v Bulgaria (2000)
Weeks v UK [1987] ECHR 3
Winterwerp v Netherlands [1979] ECHR 4
Human Rights Committee Case Law
A v Australia (1997)
Abdullayev v Turkmenistan (2012)
Baban v Australia (2003)
Brough v Australia (2006)
C v Australia (2002)
D and E v Australia (2006)
F.J. et al v Australia (2016)
Fongum Gorji-Dinka v Cameroon (2005)
Gavrilin v Belarus (2004)
M.M.M. et al v Australia (2013)
Shafiq v Australia (2006)
Shams et al v Australia (2007)
Simpson v Jamaica (1996)
Books
Agamben, G – Homo Sacer (1998)
Agamben, G – State of Exception (2005)
Ashford, M – Detained Without Trial (1993)
Bantekas & Oette – International Human Rights Law (2016)
Blake & Husain – Immigration, Asylum & Human Rights (2003)
Bosworth – Inside Immigration Detention (2014)
Costello – Human Rights of Migrants (2016)
Dembour – When Humans Become Migrants (2015)
Wilsher – Immigration Detention (2012)
Wong – Rights, Deportation, and Detention (2015)
Journal Articles
Bacon – Evolution of Immigration Detention (2005)
Baldaccini – EU Returns Directive (2010)
Bhui – Race and Immigration Control (2016)
Costello – Human Rights & Immigration Detention (2012)
Flynn – Proportionality in Detention (2012)
Grant – Immigration Detention Inequality (2011)
Johnston – Indefinite Detention (2009)
Marong – Preventative Detention (2014)
Sampson & Mitchell – Global Trends (2013)
Schuster – Deportation & Detention (2005)
NGO Publications
Amnesty International – Immigration Detention in the UK (2017)
Bail for Immigration Detainees – Liberty Deficit (2012)
Detention Action – Detained Lives (2009)
Equality and Human Rights Commission – Human Rights Review (2012)
Medical Justice – A Secret Punishment (2015)
UNHCR – Detention Guidelines (2012)
Newspaper Articles
Bulman – Immigration detention costs (2018)
Dearden – UN criticism of UK policy (2018)
Elgot & Taylor – Calais crisis (2015)
Farrer et al – Hostile environment debate (2018)
Taylor et al – Suicide attempts in detention centres (2018)
Websites
Detention Forum – Gatwick expansion (2016)
Global Detention Project – Country reports (2019)
Migration Observatory – UK detention briefing (2019)
JCWI – Hostile environment analysis (2018)
Other
BBC Panorama – Britain’s Immigration Secrets (2017) at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b094mhsn
BBC Panoroma, ‘Undercover: Britain’s Immigration Secrets’ (2017) at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b094mhsn
2. Liberty, ‘Liberty’s response to the draft Home Office DSO on Removal from Association and Temporary Confinement’ August 2016 at: https://www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/sites/default/files/Liberty’s%20Response%20to%20the%20DSO%20on%20Removal%20from%20Association%20and%20Temporary%20Confinement.pdf
3. para.55.1.1 at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/721605/Chapter-55-detention-v25..pdf (EIG)
4. Silverman, S and Hajela, R ‘Briefing: Immigration Detention in the UK’ (2016) Migration Observatory, University of Oxford p.3
5. Shaw, S ‘Review into the Welfare in Detention of Vulnerable Persons’ January 2016 p.22
6. Wilsher D ‘Immigration Detention: Law, History, Politics’ (2012)
7. Flynn, M ‘Who Must be Detained?’ Refugee Survey Quarterly (2012)
8. Kirkup, J and Winnett, R ‘Theresa May interview’ (2012) Telegraph
9. Bacon, C ‘The Evolution of Immigration Detention in the UK’ (2005)
10. Bacon p.5
11. Amnesty International ‘A Matter of Routine’ (2017)
12. UK Home Office ‘Detention Statistics’ (2018)
13. Griffiths & Silverman ‘Immigration Detention in the UK’ (2019)
14. Bosworth, M ‘Inside Immigration Detention’ (2014)
15. Griffiths & Silverman (2019)
16. Ibid.
17. Global Detention Project ‘UK Immigration Detention’ (2016)
18. Griffiths & Silverman (2019)
19. UK Home Office ‘Detained Fast Track Processes’
20. UK Home Office Statement (2015)
21. Immigration Acts references
22. EIG para.55.1.1
23. [1983] EWHC 1 (QB)
24. Walumba Lumba v SSHD [2011]
25. Oulane Case (2005)
26. Wilsher, p.187
27. Art.18
28. Baldaccini, A ‘The European Directive on Returns: Principles and Protests’ (2010) Refugee Survey Quarterly p.130
29. Wilsher p.xiii
30. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), 1950
31. ICCPR, 999 UNTS 171
32. Art.3 ECHR; Art.7 ICCPR; UN Convention against Torture (UNCAT) 1984
33. Art.10 ICCPR; Art.11 UNCAT
34. Art.2 ECHR; Art.6 ICCPR
35. Art.8 ECHR; Art.17 ICCPR
36. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951
37. UNGA Resolution 43/173 (1988)
38. UNHCR ‘Guidelines on Detention of Asylum-seekers’ (2012)
39. —
40. UNGA Res.63/184 (2009); UNGA Res.64/166 (2010); HRC Resolution 15/16 (2010)
41. Malloch, M and Stanley, E ‘Detention of Asylum-Seekers in the UK’ (2005)
42. Welch, M and Schuster, L ‘Detention of asylum seekers in the UK and USA’ (2005)
43. Said, E ‘Orientalism’ (1985)
44. Elgot, J and Taylor, M ‘Calais crisis’ (2015) Guardian
45. Bhui, H S ‘Race and immigration control’ (2016)
46. Bosworth & Kellezi ‘Citizenship and Belonging’ (2013)
47. Bosworth, Parmar & Vázquez ‘Race, Criminal Justice, and Migration Control’ (2018)
48. Wright, O ‘EU referendum: Nigel Farage poster’ (2016)
49. REDRESS Report (2014)
50. Sampson, R and Mitchell, G ‘Global Trends in Immigration Detention’ (2013)
51. Kirkup & Winnett ‘Theresa May interview’ (2012)
52. Independent Chief Inspector ‘Hostile environment inspection’ (2016)
53. R (JCWI) v SSHD [2019] EWHC 452
54. Dearden, L ‘UN tells UK government…’ (2018)
55. Windrush generation definition
56. JCWI ‘Dossier of Failure’ (2018)
57. Farrer, Grierson & Sparrow ‘Sajid Javid disowns phrase’ (2018)
58. Grimm, D ‘Sovereignty’ (2015)
59. Marong, C ‘Indefinite Preventative Detention’ (2014)
60. Agamben, G ‘Homo Sacer’ (1998); ‘State of Exception’ (2005)
61. Grimm, p.80
62. Charlesworth, Chinkin & Wright ‘Feminist Approaches’ (1991)
63. Cornelisse, p.231
64. Bryan & Langford ‘Lawful Detention of Aliens’ (2011)
65. UNGA Res 217 A(III)
66. Higgins, R ‘Problems and Process’ (1995)
67. Mutua, M ‘Human Rights: A Critique’ (2002)
68. Wilsher, p.124
69. APPG Inquiry (2015)
70. Ibid.
71. EIG para.55.1.3
72. Ibid. para.55.20
73. HMIP ‘Harmondsworth report’ (2018)
74. AVID ‘Immigration Detention Statistics’ (2018)
75. Ibid.
76. R (Davies) v SSHD [2010]
77. R (Giwa) v SSHD [2013]
78. Walumba Lumba
79. R (Nouazli) v SSHD [2016]
80. Gower, M ‘Immigration Detention Overview’ (2015)
81. Global Detention Project ‘France’ (2019)
82. Global Detention Project ‘Germany’ (2019)
83. Global Detention Project ‘Hungary’ (2019)
84. HMIP & ICIBI Report (2012)
85. R (BA) v SSHD [2011]
86. See Section Three
87. Bacon, p.25
88. EIG para.55.1.1
89. Detention Statistics
90. APPG Inquiry, p.22
91. Bosworth, p.162
92. Shaw Review, p.305
93. Jesuit Refugee Service ‘Becoming Vulnerable in Detention’ (2010) p.71
94. APPG Inquiry, p.19
95. Bulman, M ‘£500m spent on UK immigration detention’ (2018)
96. UNHCR ‘Inquiry into Immigration Detention’ (2014)
97. CAT ‘Concluding observations UK’ (2019)
98. HRC ‘Concluding observations UK’ (2015)
99. HMIP ‘Yarl’s Wood Inspection Report’ (2015); HMIP ‘Colnbrook Report’ (2016); HMIP ‘Harmondsworth Report’ (2018)
100. Liberty ‘Case for time limit on detention’ (2016)
101. Home Affairs Select Committee (2015)
102. Shaw, S ‘Follow-up Review’ (2018)
103. Ibid.
104. Shaw Review, p.22
105. International Detention Coalition ‘There Are Alternatives’ (2015)
106. UNHCR & OHCHR ‘Global Roundtable’ (2011)
107. Ibid.
108. See Section Three
109. APPG Inquiry, p.25
110. IDC, p.II
111. Ibid.
112. APPG Inquiry, p.26
113. Global Roundtable, p.4
114. Follow-up Shaw Review, pp.119–120
115. Shaw Review, p.22
116. Follow-up Shaw Review, p.121
117. Ibid.
118. Storck v Germany (2005) 43 EHRR 96
119. De Wilde, Ooms and Versyp v Belgium (1971)
120. Amuur v France (1996)
121. Saadi v UK (2008)
122. Chahal v UK (1996)
123. Wilsher, p.140
124. Lynas v Switzerland; Caprino v UK
125. Chahal
126. Ibid.
127. Cornelisse, p.295
128. Chahal
129. Ibid.
130. Cornelisse, p.101
131. Johnston, C ‘Indefinite Immigration Detention’ (2009)
132. Saadi
133. Ibid.
134. UNHCR ECC No.44; A v Australia (1997)
135. Saadi
136. Ibid.
137. Ibid.
138. Saadi (Dissenting Opinion)
139. Ibid.
140. Ibid.
141. Costello, C ‘Human Rights of Migrants’ (2016)
142. Application no.16944/03 (2006)
143. Yoh-Ekale Mwanje v Belgium (2011)
144. Rahimi v Greece; Popov v France
145. [2016] ECHR 434
146. Ibid.
147. Ibid.
148. Ibid.
149. Ibid.
150. Ibid.
151. Ibid.
152. Application no. 49734/12 (1 Sep. 2016)
153. Ibid.
154. Arben Draga v United Kingdom (2017)
155. Varbanov v Bulgaria (2000); Winterwerp v Netherlands (1979)
156. Dougoz v Greece (2001); Popov
157. A and Others v UK (2009)
158. Popov v France (2012)
159. Ibid.
160. Dembour, p.385
161. Art.7 American Convention on Human Rights
162. Vélez Loor v Panama (2010)
163. Ibid.
164. Ibid.
165. Ibid.
166. Dembour, p.8
167. GC.35
168. Ibid.
169. Fongum Gorji-Dinka v Cameroon (2005)
170. Ibid.
171. HRC ‘General Comment No.15’ (1986)
172. C v Australia (2002)
173. MMM v Australia (2013)
174. Wilsher, p.165
175. HRC Concluding Observations
176. Communication no.2233/2013 (2016)
177. Ibid.
178. Ibid.
179. Wong, T ‘Rights, Deportation, and Detention’ (2015)
180. See n.33
181. Guidelines 4.1–4.3
182. WGAD Report (2010)
183. Ibid.
184. UK Home Office Statement (2018)
185. Coates, S ‘28-day detention limit’ (2019)
186. Ashford, M ‘Detained Without Trial’ (1993)
187. BID ‘Submission to APPG Inquiry’ (2014)
188. Wilsher, p.351
189. Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984; CPSA 1995
190. PACE Code C; Cadder v HM Advocate (2010)
191. Protection of Freedoms Act 2012
192. Bail Act 1976; CPSA
193. Hirst v UK (No 2) (2005)
194. Rule 9 DCR
195. EIG para.55.8
196. Shaw Review, pp.183–188
197. Bosworth, p.186
198. Dembour, p.30
199. R (Iqbal) v SSHD (2015)
200. Farquharson (2013)
201. BID APPG
202. BID ‘Legal Advice Survey’ (2016)
203. UK Ministry of Justice ‘LASPO Review’ (2019)
204. York, S ‘End of legal aid in immigration’ (2013)
205. IMB ‘Campsfield House Report’ (2015)
206. HMIP ‘Campsfield Inspection’ (2014)
207. Law Society of Scotland ‘Inquiry into Immigration Detention’ (2018)
208. HMIP ‘Dungavel Inspection’ (2015)
209. BID APPG
210. Law Society of Scotland; Evans ‘Legal Aid Review’ (2018)
211. UK Ministry of Justice ‘LASPO Review’ (2019)
212. APPG Inquiry, p.6
213. BID ‘Survey on legal representation’ (2018)
214. BID APPG, p.45
215. Bosworth, p.146
216. BID ‘Liberty Deficit’ (2012)
217. Liberty Deficit, p.9
218. Ibid.
219. Detention Action ‘Detained Lives’ (2009)
220. Clements ‘Bail Guidance’ (2012)
221. EHRC
222. BID ‘A Nice Judge on a Good Day’ (2010)
223. Sch.10 s.11
224. Joint Committee on Human Rights (2019)
225. See Section Two
226. UK Home Office ‘New commitments’ (2018)
227. Immigration Act 2014 s.7(6)
228. Ibid. s.7(2)
229. Immigration Act 2016 Sch 2 s.16(1)
230. Joint Committee on Human Rights (2019)
231. Ibid.; R (VC) v SSHD (2018)
232. Liberty Deficit, p.25
233. Ibid. p.21
234. UK Home Office ‘Detained Fast Track’
235. UK Home Office Statement (2015)
236. Detention Action v SSHD (2014)
237. Ibid.
238. [2000] ECHR 455
239. Ibid.
240. Protocol No.7 ECHR Report
241. Nasrulloyev v Russia (2007)
242. Louled Massoud v Malta (2010)
243. Chahal (Dissenting Opinion)
244. Chahal
245. Čonka v Belgium (2002)
246. Jong, Baljet and van den Brink v Netherlands (1986)
247. De Wilde
248. Louled Massoud
249. Weeks v UK (1987)
250. Muminov v Russia (2008)
251. Zamir v UK (1983)
252. J.N.
253. Ibid.
254. Ibid.
255. Ibid.
256. Ibid.
257. Dembour, p.383
258. V.M.
259. Advisory Opinion OC-18/03 (2003)
260. Ibid.
261. Vélez Loor
262. Ibid.
263. Ibid.
264. Ibid.
265. Cornelisse, p.182
266. Gavrilin v Belarus (2004)
267. A
268. Baban v Australia (2003)
269. Shams v Australia (2007)
270. Principle 14 BOP
271. GC.35
272. Ibid.
273. WGAD Report
274. A
275. GC.35
276. CEDAW General Recommendation No.33 (2015)
277. HRC Observations
278. Ibid.
279. CESCR Observations (2016)
280. GC.35
281. WGAD, Abdi v UK (2007)
282. UN Special Rapporteur Report (2008)
283. UN Special Rapporteur UK Mission (2010)
284. Wilsher, p.168
285. Cornelisse, p.181
286. JRS, p.90
287. s.4
288. s.149
289. UK Home Office ‘Adults at Risk’ (2016)
290. Medical Justice ‘Healthcare in Detention’ (2015)
291. Rule 34 DCR
292. MJ Shaw Review
293. Shaw Review, p.305
294. Ibid.
295. Guardian ‘End the inhumanity’ (2018)
296. Guardian ‘Suicide attempts in detention’ (2018)
297. APPG Inquiry, p.56
298. Tsangarides ‘Second Torture’ (2012)
299. Royal College of Psychiatrists (2015)
300. Shaw Review Recommendation 11
301. Shaw Review Recommendation 12
302. Tsangarides, p.30
303. Ibid.
304. HMIP Annual Report (2016)
305. UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women (2015)
306. Medical Justice ‘Segregation Report’ (2015)
307. IMB ‘Verne Report’ (2015)
308. UK Home Office DSO 02/2017
309. Liberty Response (2016)
310. Ibid.
311. Shaw Review Recommendation 9
312. HMIP Yarl’s Wood Report
313. Ibid.
314. Women for Refugee Women ‘I Am Human’ (2015)
315. Lampard & Marsden ‘Yarl’s Wood Investigation’ (2016)
316. HMIP YW
317. Ibid.
318. Medical Justice ‘Expecting Change’ (2013)
319. s.60
320. HL Deb (2016)
321. UK Home Office ‘Pregnant Women Detention’ (2018)
322. Detention Forum, p.31
323. UK Home Office ‘Adults at Risk’ (2019)
324. Shaw Review, p.50
325. Shaw Review, p.90
326. Ibid.
327. Home Affairs Committee Report (2019)
328. Stonewall & UK LGBT Immigration Group (2016)
329. Ibid.
330. HMIP YW
331. Channel 4 News ‘Yarl’s Wood undercover’ (2015)
332. Verita report
333. SRVAW
334. Fenton, S ‘Yarl’s Wood abuse report’ (2016)
335. Medical Justice ‘Outsourcing Abuse’ (2008)
336 BBC Panoroma, ‘Undercover: Britain’s Immigration Secrets’ (2017) at: 336
337 McKinney, Conor James ‘Home Affairs Committee probes “systemic” problems with immigration detention’ (2018) Free Movement at: https://www.freemovement.org.uk/home-affairs-committee-probes-systemic-problems-in-immigration-detention/
338 House of Commons Home Affairs Committee ‘Immigration Detention: Fourteenth Report of Session 2017-2019’ (2019) para.254 at: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmhaff/913/913.pdf
339 Ibid. para.273
340 Ibid. para.255
341 Ibid. pp.16-18
342 IMB ‘Annual Report: Heathrow Immigration Removal Centre’ (2015) p.9 at: http://www.imb.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/HeathrowIRC-2015.pdf; IMB ‘Annual Report: Harmondsworth Immigration Removal Centre’ (2014) p.7 at: http://www.imb.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harmondsworth-IMB-Annual-Report-2014.pdf
343 Detention Statistics
344 Stone, J ‘Government accused of scrapping pledge to end child detention in prison-style immigration removal centres’ (2016) Independent at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/child-detention-immigration-centres-scrapped-broken-promise-tinsley-house-cedars-barnados-home-a7149981.html
345 Newcomen, N ‘Investigation into the death of a man on 10 February 2013 while a detainee at Harmondsworth Immigration Removal Centre’ (2015) at: http://www.ppo.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/H176-13-Death-of-a-male-detainee-in-hospital_HarmondsworthIRC_10.02.13_Nat.pdf#view=FitH
346 Detention Forum ‘Rethinking ‘Vulnerability’ in Detention: a Crisis of Harm’ (2015) p.53 at: http://detentionforum.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/rethinkingvulnerability_8july.pdf
347 Ibid.
348 UK Home Office, ‘Immigration Act 2016: Guidance on adults at risk in immigration detention’ (2016) at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/547519/Adults_at_Risk_August_2016.pdf
349 Ibid. [2]
350 Ibid. [11]
351 Ibid. [3]
352 Follow-up Shaw Review p.4
353 Medical Justice & Ors v SSHD [2017] EWHC 2461 (Admin) [154]
354 Follow-up Shaw Review p.xii
355 Ibid. p.viii
356 Ibid. p.xii
357 para.55.1.1 EIG
358 AMM (A Child) v SSHD [2012] EWHC 2567 (QB)
359 Aerts v Belgium (2000) 29 EHRR 50 [46]
360 Mubilanzila Mayeka and Kaniki Mitunga v Belgium Application no. 13178/03 (12 Oct. 2006) [102]–[103]; Popov [91]
361 Chahal
362 Mwanje; Popov
363 V.M. [93]
364 Ibid. [96]
365 Ibid. [99]
366 Art.15 ECHR; Soering v UK [1989] 11 EHRR 439 [88]
367 Prosecutor v Furundzija (IT-95-17/1-T) ICTY Trial Chamber (10 Dec. 1998) [153]–[157]
368 Ireland v UK [1978] ECHR 1 [162]
369 Slimani v France (2006) 43 EHRR 49
370 [2000] ECHR 512 [94]
371 (2002) 35 EHRR 1 [52]
372 Keenan v UK [2001] ECHR 242
373 Ibid. [89]-[99]
374 V.M [104]-[106]
375 R.C. v Sweden Application no.41827/07 (9 Mar.2010) [53]
376 Öcalan v Turkey [2005] ECHR 282
377 Rohde v Denmark (2005) 43 EHRR 325
378 Keenan
379 Keenan [131]
380 Aydin v Turkey [1997] ECHR 75
381 (2011) 53 EHRR 2 [223]
382 Mitunga [55]
383 Dembour p.388
384 R(S) v SSHD [2011] EWHC 2120 (Admin); R(BA), n66; R(HA (Nigeria)) v SSHD [2012] EWHC 979 (Admin); R(D) v SSHD [2012] EWHC 2501 (Admin); R(MD) v SSHD [2014] EWHC 2249 (Admin)
385 R(BA) [236]
386 Ibid. [237]
387 R(S) [95]
388 Ibid. [192]
389 Ibid. [212]
390 R(HA (Nigeria)) [181]
391 Shaw Review p.296
392 Ibid. p.298
393 R(EH) v SSHD [2012] EWHC 2569 (Admin)
394 Ibid.
395 Amrollahi v Denmark, (2002) 22 EHHR 585 [33]
396 Elci and Others v Turkey, nos. 23145/93/25091/94 (13 Nov. 2003) [697]; R(EH) [220]
397 Marckx v Belgium 25 Series A no. 31 (13 Jun. 1979)
398 Popov [109]
399 Bensaid v UK [2001] 33 EHRR 10
400 Ibid. [46]
401 [2012] EWHC 2501 (Admin)
402 Moustaquim v Belgium Series A no. 193 (18 Feb. 1991) [43]
403 Mitunga [81]; Popov [106]
404 Mitunga [81]
405 GC.35 [18],[21]
406 HRC ‘General Comment No.21: Article 10 (Humane treatment of persons deprived of their liberty) 1992 HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9(Vol. I) [3] (Hereinafter, GC.21)
407 Ibid.
408 Abdullayev v Turkmenistan Communication no.2218/2012 (3 Sep.2012)
409 GC.21 [4]
410 HRC ‘General Comment no.20: Prohibition of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment’ (1992) A/44/40 [8] [8.4]
411 Brough v Australia Communication no.1184/2003 (17 Mar.2006)
412 Simpson v Jamaica Communication no.695/1996 (19 Mar.1996)
413 F.J [10.6]
416 Art.2 UNCAT
417 Ibid. Art.16
418 CAT ‘Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland’ 24 June 2013 CAT/C/GBR/CO/5 [30]
419 CAT 2019 [54]
420 Shafiq v Australia Communication no.1324/2004 (31 Oct.2006) [7.3]; C [8.2]-[8.4]
421 1966 993 UNTS 3
422 CESCR ‘General Comment no.14: Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health’ (2000) E/C.12/2000/4 [34]
423 CESCR ‘General Comment no.22: Right to Sexual and Reproductive Health’ (2016) E/C.12/GC/22 [31]
424 CESCR Conc.obs [57]
425 CtEDAW ‘General recommendation No.32: gender-related dimensions of refugee status, asylum, nationality and statelessness of women’ (2014) CEDAW/C/GC/32 [49]
426 Ibid.
427 CtEDAW, Abramova v Belarus, Communication no.23/2009 (27 Sep. 2011) [7.7]
428 CtEDAW ‘General Recommendation no.19: violence against women’ (1992) A/47/38 [8]
429 CtEDAW ‘Draft General Recommendation No.19 (1992): accelerating elimination of gender-based violence against women’ (2016) [13(a)]
430 Council of Europe, 2014, CETS no.210
432 UNGA, 2000, A/Res/55/383 40 ILM 335
433 1989, 1577 UNTS 3
434 Ibid. Art.37(b)
435 Ibid. Art.37(c)
436 Art.3 CRC
437 CtRC ‘General Comment no.6: Treatment of Unaccompanied and Separated Children Outside their Country of Origin’ (2005) CRC/GC/2005/61 [61]-[63]
438 D. and E. v Australia Communication no.1050/2002 (9 Aug.2006) [7.2]
439 CtEDAW GR.32 [49]
440 Mitunga [81]
441 2006, 2515 UNTS 3
442 Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, ‘Guidelines on Article 14 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities’ (2015) 14th sess. [17]-[18]
443 Principle 9, Principles on the application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity, (International Commission of Jurists, 2007)
Guideline 9.7, UNHCR ‘Guidelines on the Applicable Criteria and 444
Standards Relating to the Detention of Asylum-seekers and Alternatives to
Detention’(2012) at: http://www.unhcr.org/505b10ee9.pdf
Ibid. 445
Guideline 9.7, UNHCR ‘Guidelines on the Applicable Criteria and 446
Standards Relating to the Detention of Asylum-seekers and Alternatives to
Detention’(2012) at: http://www.unhcr.org/505b10ee9.pdf
MA & BB v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2019] EWHC 447
1523 (Admin) [69(iii)]
448 Home Affairs Committee ‘Cavalier’ Home Office failing in its responsibility for immigration detention’ (2019) at: https://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/home-affairs-committee/news-parliament-2017/immigration-detention-report-published-17-19/
449 Wilsher, p.116
450 Bacon, p.25
451 Bryan & Langford, p.217
452 Saadi
453 e.g Art.14 ECHR; Art.2(1), Art.26 ICCPR
454 Cornelisse, p.177
455 Wilsher, p.170
456 e.g Davies, M ‘Rhetorical Inaction? Compliance and the Human Rights Council of the United Nations’ (2010) Alternatives 35 449–468
457 Feldman, D ‘Sovereignties in Strasbourg’ in Rawlings, R, Leyland, P and Young, A (eds) ‘Sovereignty and the Law: Domestic, European and International Perspectives’ (2013) Oxford: Oxford University Press p.223
458 Ibid. p.218
459 Wilsher, p.321
460 Cornelisse, p.137
461 Dembour, p.30
462 Cornelisse, p.310
463 Mitunga; M.S.S
464 Dembour, p.31
1 Email: sarah.crowe121@gmail.com
Email: sarah.crowe121@gmail.com
Liberty, ‘Liberty’s response to the draft Home Office DSO on Removal from Association and Temporary Confinement’ (August 2016), available at: https://www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/sites/default/files/Liberty's%20Response%20to%20the%20DSO%20on%20Removal%20from%20Association%20and%20Temporary%20Confinement.pdf
(2019). Human Rights in a Hostile Environment: Can International Human Rights Law Effectively Constrain Immigration Detention in the United Kingdom?. Legal issues Journal, 7 (2), https://www.legalissuesjournal.com/article/07-02-13072019/
