The Hong Kong Convention was adopted in 2009 to regulate the global industry of ship recycling, but the convention remains unenforced due to the problem of ratification by the leading ship recycling states. Due to the lopsided track record of ship breaking in the last forty years, the ratification currently depends primarily on the policy choices of few developing nations. Given the gross unpreparedness and oversight of Pakistan towards the treaty’s timely accession with India’s recent ratification, and the ban of China on the import of hazardous waste, the responsibility lies with the policymakers of Bangladesh to decide the fate of this influential global pact. This article attempts to track down the origin and evolution of ship recycling regime of Bangladesh, followed by a critical analysis of the salient provisions of the framework ship recycling regulations of this chief ship recycling state as adopted recently. It postulates that the drawbacks figured out may create significant obstruction or procrastination to accede to the convention by Bangladesh thereby endowing an inclusive and sustainable global ship recycling industry any time soon. The article ends with recommendations to the government of Bangladesh for necessary amendments in its framework regulations on ship recycling identified in this research.

For years, the imposition of monetary contributions by foreign tourists in Bali has been a subject of debates and controversy. The rationale of foreign tourist contributions is that they facilitate the preservation of Bali’s natural and cultural heritage. The recent enactment of the Bali Provincial Regulation No. 1 Year 2020 concerning Tourist Contributions for the Protection of the Natural Environment and Culture of Bali (the Provincial Regulation) seemingly solves the issue. However, a closer look suggests that the Provincial Regulation lacks a convincing legal concept of voluntary tourist contributions. This paper analyses the con- tent, process, and expectation of the creation of the above- mentioned Provincial Regulation, with reference to Indonesian laws and regulations, and reports conclusions drawn from meetings and interviews with relevant authorities. It is argued that, instead of providing specific regulations of the collection and management of voluntary contributions, the Provincial Regulation delegates the Governor to determine these matters through executive order. Undoubtedly, this dissociates with stakeholder expectations related to the preservation of Bali’s natural and cultural riches and the improvement of tourist facilities and services in Bali. Finally, the paper addresses the issue of implementing the Regulation in the light of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on tourism.

The intersection of technology with the law has always been slow and often fraught with confusion. Lawyers do not speak the language of technology and, conversely, technologists are often unfamiliar with the law’s complexities. The purpose of this paper is to bring the legal community into closer alignment with the technical community without requiring lawyers to undertake an in-depth education in machine learning (ML). A key area of confusion concerns jurisdiction in cyberspace. There are, essentially, two camps. One side argues that cyberspace is a domain of its own, without laws, governance, or enforcement. The other side maintains that, in most cases, existing international law is sufficient to manage the legal aspects of the Internet. The latter position is correct to a point. However, emerging areas of technology appear to challenge this position. One of the most dangerous and difficult areas, both theoretically and practically, is autonomous malware. This paper discusses that challenge and proposes approaches to addressing it. We begin with technical definitions and explanations to frame the legal issues properly within the technical context. We then address jurisdiction in cyberspace generally, followed by a demonstration of a standardized approach to examining the Internet through the lens of the law. Next, we present a hypothetical attack of the type envisioned. Finally, we propose possible solutions to the problem of autonomous malware and software-driven, as opposed to human-driven, attacks. Please note that this paper focuses on United States law and the state of technology in the United States. However, the author has cited an African journal article suggesting that the issues discussed here are present throughout the world (see footnote 35). Keywords. cyberspace, cyber law, jurisdiction, international law, private law, cyber definitions, autonomous malware, Internet

European Union law is an autonomous system of rules, principles, and institutions operating within the EU Member States and encompassing social and economic policies focused on cooperation and human development. The EU is not merely an economic union but also aims to ensure social progress and the continuous improvement of the working and living conditions of its citizens. The legal foundations of the EU are represented by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and the Treaty on European Union, respectively, signed in Rome on 25 March 1957, and in Maastricht on 7 February 1992. In recent decades, EU law has developed significantly. The new provisions of the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force on 1 January 2009, introducing relevant changes to the hierarchy of norms and the competence of the European Parliament, as well as a move from unanimity to qualified majority voting in certain policy areas. The Treaty of Lisbon also made the Charter of Fundamental Rights a legally binding instrument for all Member States. Following the Treaty of Lisbon, many areas of EU law have been affected by considerable legislative activity. Furthermore, in recent years, the EU Courts have issued important decisions in various areas of EU law, including citizenship, the free movement of goods, workers, and services, freedom of establishment, and human rights in general. Given these developments, the current legal framework is characterized by the ever-increasing structural complexity of EU law. The interplay between the EU legal order and national legal orders requires cooperation between Member States and EU institutions, as well as an understanding of an extraordinarily complex legal system. The book under review, *Advanced Introduction to European Union Law*, is authored by Jacques Ziller and provides a concise introduction to EU institutional and policy law. Ziller is a Professor of European Union Law at the University of Pavia, Italy, and was formerly a professor at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy, and the Université de Paris 1 – Panthéon-Sorbonne, France. In addition to his academic activities, he has also served as a consultant to the European Parliament, the European Commission, and the European Committee of the Regions. Building on his extensive work, Ziller provides an insight into EU law using clear and accessible language for readers interested in the diverse aspects of this complex legal field. The book addresses the functioning of EU law and policy and focuses the reader’s attention on “what the EU is supposed to do, and what it may or may not do in legal terms” (page xi of the preface). Accordingly, the book explores the sectoral policies of the EU before describing the functioning of its institutions. Furthermore, treaty provisions are subject to considerable discussion. As Ziller himself notes, “studying EU case law can only be successful if we constantly go back to the bases, that is the texts of the treaties” (page xii of the preface).

Book Reviewed: Franco Ferrari and Diego P. Fernandez Arroyo, editors. Private International Law: Contemporary Challenges and Continuing Relevance. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019. ISBN: 978 1 78990 689 9. 520pp.